Oregon Revised Statutes
As used in ORS 671.010 to 671.220: “Architect” means a registered architect or a foreign architect. “Architectural firm” means a business entity that, for compensation, provides the services of an architect or engages in the practice of architecture. “Building” means a structure that has the purpose of supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy. “Busi…
Except as provided in subsection (2) of this section, an individual or business entity that does not have a valid certificate of registration from the State Board of Architect Examiners may not: Engage in the practice of architecture within this state; Assume or use a title, form of address or other designation within this state that indicates or reasonabl…
Any person applying for a license or permit required under the laws of this state or under the ordinances of any jurisdiction in this state within which the person proposes to erect, construct, enlarge, alter, repair, move, improve, remove or convert a building shall submit an original or reproduction of the technical submissions for the work proposed. The t…
ORS 671.010 to 671.220 do not apply to the practice of marine, naval or landscape architecture. ORS 671.010 to 671.220 do not prohibit: An employee of a registered architect from acting under the registered architect’s instruction, control or supervision. An employee who is not a registered architect may not use the designation “architect,” “registered arc…
A business entity may apply to the State Board of Architect Examiners for a certificate of registration that authorizes the business entity to engage in the practice of architecture within this state as a registered architectural firm. The board by rule shall specify: The manner in which and the procedures under which a business entity may apply for a cert…
ORS 671.041 to 671.047 do not affect the law applicable to the professional relationship and liabilities between an architect or architectural firm rendering professional service in the practice of architecture and a person receiving the architect’s or architectural firm’s service, and ORS 671.041 to 671.047 do not affect the standards of professional conduc…
Unless inconsistent with ORS 671.041 to 671.047, ORS chapters 58, 60, 62, 63, 65, 67 and 70 apply as appropriate to the form of business entity in which an architectural firm is organized. The provisions of ORS 671.041 to 671.047 take precedence in governing the powers, privileges, duties, restrictions and liabilities of an architectural firm over conflictin…
Any individual desiring the right to engage in the practice of architecture in this state shall apply to the State Board of Architect Examiners for a certificate of registration. To obtain a certificate of registration, the individual must: Complete an application with documentation that, in the board’s judgment, shows that the applicant successfully comple…
The State Board of Architect Examiners may grant a certificate of registration without examination to any individual who is not registered to engage in the practice of architecture in this state but is certified by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards or has lawfully been issued a license or certificate to engage in the practice of archi…
A registered architect must periodically renew the registration described in ORS 671.020 by submitting to the State Board of Architect Examiners, on or before the renewal date the board establishes by rule: An application for renewal; Any fees the board authorizes under ORS 671.085; and Evidence satisfactory to the board that the registered architect has …
The State Board of Architect Examiners may impose fees that are reasonable and necessary to aid in the administration of ORS 671.010 to 671.220 and to regulate the practice of architecture in this state. The fees may include, but are not limited to, fees for accepting and processing applications and issuing and renewing certificates of registration.
A person may not: Use fraud or deception in applying for a certificate of registration or in passing an examination required under ORS 671.010 to 671.220. Falsely impersonate a registered architect or engage in the practice of architecture in this state without a certificate of registration from the State Board of Architect Examiners. Engage in the practi…
Any person may submit to the State Board of Architect Examiners a complaint against a registered architect. The complaint must be in writing and be sworn to by the complainant. The board shall review the complaint at the next regular board meeting following receipt of the complaint. Submitting a complaint under subsection (1) of this section does not give t…
The State Board of Architect Examiners shall operate as a semi-independent state agency subject to ORS 182.456 to 182.472 for the purpose of carrying out ORS 671.010 to 671.220. The board shall be composed of seven members appointed by the Governor to four-year terms with three terms maximum. Before a member’s term expires, the Governor shall appoint a membe…
In accordance with ORS chapter 183, the State Board of Architect Examiners may: Adopt reasonable rules necessary for the administration of the laws the board is charged with administering; and Adopt reasonable rules prescribing standards of professional conduct for architects and rules requiring continuing professional education for architects. In adopting…
If the State Board of Architect Examiners determines that a person is engaging in or is about to engage in an activity that violates ORS 671.020 or 671.041, the board may bring an action to restrain the activity or proposed activity. An appropriate circuit court may issue an injunction without proof of actual damages, but the injunction does not relieve the …
As used in ORS 671.310 to 671.459, unless the context requires otherwise: “Board” means the State Landscape Architect Board. “Design” means layout, form and establishment of grades and tangible site features for services described in subsection (5) of this section. “Landscape architect” means an individual who engages in the practice of landscape architec…
ORS 671.310 to 671.459, 671.992 and 671.995 are enacted in order to introduce qualifying criteria in the professional practice of landscape architecture. This action is necessary to safeguard public health, safety, welfare and property and to eliminate unnecessary loss and waste in this state. These safeguards are in the practice of landscape architecture as…
Except as provided in this section, unless an individual is registered as a landscape architect by the State Landscape Architect Board, the individual may not engage in the practice of landscape architecture. Unless an individual is registered as a landscape architect by the board, the individual may not use the title of “landscape architect,” “registered la…
A business may not provide landscape architecture services unless the work is under the full authority and responsible charge of a registered landscape architect who is also an owner or officer of the business. A business shall file a form with the State Landscape Architect Board identifying responsible landscape architects by name and registration number. T…
ORS 671.310 to 671.459, 671.992 and 671.995 do not restrict or otherwise affect the right of any person to: Practice architecture under ORS 671.010 to 671.220; Practice engineering under ORS 672.002 to 672.325; Engage in the occupation of growing and marketing nursery stock, or use the title “nurseryman” or “landscape nurseryman”; Operate as a landscape …
Any individual desiring to be registered as a landscape architect in this state shall make application to the State Landscape Architect Board 15 days prior to any meeting of the board upon such forms and in such manner as may be provided by the board. In addition to the qualifications required by ORS 671.310 to 671.459, each applicant shall be at least 18 ye…
Examination of an applicant for a certificate of registration shall be made by the State Landscape Architect Board according to the method deemed by it to be the most practicable to test the applicant’s qualification. Examinations shall be written or oral or both written and oral and shall cover such subjects and be graded on such basis as the board shall de…
Notwithstanding ORS 192.314: In addition to any exemption from disclosure provided under ORS 192.345 (4), State Landscape Architect Board examination materials, file records of examination grading and performance, transcripts from educational institutions, letters of inquiry, letters of reference and board inquiry forms concerning applicants or registrants …
The State Landscape Architect Board may register as a landscape architect, without examination, any individual who applies for such registration under ORS 671.325, and: On the date of making application is a landscape architect licensed or registered under the laws of any other state or territory of the United States, if the requirements for the licensing o…
The State Landscape Architect Board may establish by rule the amounts for fees to be charged and collected under ORS 671.310 to 671.459. The fees shall include, but are not limited to: An examination fee. A fee for original registration of out-of-state landscape architect under ORS 671.345. A fee for issuance of original registration under ORS 671.335. A…
Each registrant who desires to continue as a landscape architect or landscape architect in training in this state shall annually pay to the State Landscape Architect Board, on or before the renewal date set by the board by rule, the fee for renewal of registration required under ORS 671.365 (5). Upon payment the board administrator shall issue to the registr…
A registered landscape architect shall obtain a stamp of a design authorized by the State Landscape Architect Board. The stamp must bear the name, registration date and registration certificate number of the landscape architect and the legend “registered landscape architect.” A registered landscape architect shall stamp and sign all final drafts of professi…
The State Landscape Architect Board shall cause to be prepared and shall by rule adopt a code of professional conduct which shall be known in writing to every landscape architect and applicant for registration under ORS 671.310 to 671.459. This code shall be published in the roster of landscape architects. Such publication shall constitute due notice to all …
The State Landscape Architect Board may establish or approve programs of continuing education that contribute to the competency of landscape architects. The board may charge a fee for programs of continuing education it establishes. The board may require completion of a program of continuing education established or approved under this section as a conditio…
Subject to ORS chapter 183, the State Landscape Architect Board may refuse to register any applicant, may refuse to renew the registration of any registered landscape architect or landscape architect in training, or may suspend for a period not exceeding one year or revoke the registration of any registered landscape architect or landscape architect in train…
In addition to any civil penalty imposed by the State Landscape Architect Board or any fine or term of imprisonment imposed by a court, except as otherwise provided in ORS 671.404, the board may impose one or more of the following sanctions against a person violating ORS 671.310 to 671.459: Revocation of a certificate of registration. Suspension of a certi…
The state or a political subdivision may contract for landscape architecture service projects only with registered landscape architects, as defined in ORS 671.310. Drawings, plans, specifications, estimates and construction observation for public works of the state or a political subdivision that require landscape architecture services must be prepared by, …
The State Landscape Architect Board, subject to ORS chapter 183, may adopt rules necessary for the board to perform its duties under ORS 671.310 to 671.459 and 671.995.
If the State Landscape Architect Board revokes the registration of a registered landscape architect under ORS 671.404, the board may issue registration under ORS 671.310 to 671.459 to the individual whose registration is revoked if the individual: Files a new application for the registration and passes an examination given by the board; and Establishes to …
In a dispute arising out of a contractual agreement between a registered landscape architect and a member of the general public of the state, the State Landscape Architect Board or a subcommittee of the board may act as arbiter of the dispute. Upon agreement of all parties to such arbitration, the findings of the board or subcommittee shall be binding on all…
The State Landscape Architect Board may, upon motion of the board or upon the verified complaint in writing of any person, investigate any alleged violation of ORS 671.310 to 671.459. As part of the investigation, the board may administer oaths, obtain and receive evidence at board proceedings and compel compliance with board subpoenas, all as provided in OR…
A person that reports or supplies information in good faith to the State Landscape Architect Board or to an advisory committee assisting the board is immune from an action for civil damages as a result thereof. The board or committee shall not disclose the name of a person requesting confidentiality unless the testimony of the person is required as part of a…
The State Landscape Architect Board shall operate as a semi-independent state agency subject to ORS 182.456 to 182.472 for the purpose of carrying out ORS 671.310 to 671.459, 671.992 and 671.995. The board shall consist of seven members to be appointed by the Governor. Four of the members shall be registered landscape architects, three shall be public member…
LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS AND LANDSCAPE CONTRACTING BUSINESSES (Generally)
ORS 671.510 to 671.760 may be cited as the Landscape Contractors Law.
As used in ORS 671.510 to 671.760, unless the context requires otherwise: “Landscape construction professional” means an individual who for compensation or with the intent to be compensated performs or supervises activities requiring the art, ability, experience, knowledge, science and skill to: Plan or install lawns, shrubs, vines, trees or nursery stock;…
As used in this section, “sports field” means one or more areas of a property that total more than 30,000 square feet of artificial turf and are designed to be used primarily for sport or other athletic activities. Notwithstanding ORS 701.005 and 701.021, except as provided in this section, a landscape contracting business may prepare a site for, install an…
A landscape construction professional may prepare plans and drawings for a landscape irrigation system, including, but not limited to, plans and drawings that identify the positioning, number, type and model of pumps, piping, valves, sprinklers, nozzles emitters, filters, controllers and other components for the system, if the landscape construction professi…
An applicant for a landscape contracting business license must qualify as an independent contractor, under ORS 670.600, to be licensed with the State Landscape Contractors Board. The board shall establish two classes of independent contractor licensees: The nonexempt class is composed of the following entities: Sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporat…
An applicant for a landscape contracting business license that qualifies under ORS 671.525 to be classified as a nonexempt independent contractor must provide workers’ compensation insurance coverage for all employees of the landscape contracting business. An applicant for a landscape contracting business license that qualifies under ORS 671.525 to be class…
A person may not operate as a landscape construction professional in this state without a valid landscape construction professional license issued pursuant to ORS 671.560. A person may not represent in any manner that the person is a landscape construction professional unless the person has a valid landscape construction professional license issued pursuant…
Except as provided in subsection (2) of this section, ORS 671.510 to 671.760 and 671.990 (2) do not apply to: Any federal or state agency or any political subdivision performing landscaping work on public property. Any landscape architect registered under ORS 671.310 to 671.459 and practicing as provided under ORS 671.310 to 671.459. Landscaping work perf…
Notwithstanding ORS 701.005 or 701.021, a landscape contracting business that arranges for, undertakes or submits a bid to undertake a project that the business is authorized to perform under ORS 671.510 to 671.760 may subcontract with a general or specialty contractor licensed under ORS chapter 701 for the contractor to perform work within the scope of the …
The State Landscape Contractors Board may inquire into and inspect: Any services performed or materials furnished by a licensee under ORS 671.510 to 671.760. The financial records of a person who it reasonably believes is operating in violation of ORS 671.530. The services performed or materials furnished by a person who it reasonably believes is operatin…
The State Landscape Contractors Board may investigate the activities of any person engaged in the landscape contracting business to determine compliance with ORS 671.510 to 671.760. With the approval of the city or county, the board may conduct investigations with city or county inspectors, provided that the city or county is reimbursed by the board for the…
In addition to any other remedy available, if the State Landscape Contractors Board believes that a person has engaged in, is engaging in or is about to engage in any act, practice or transaction that violates ORS 671.510 to 671.760, the board may direct the Attorney General to apply to the court for an injunction to restrain the person from engaging in the …
Except as provided in ORS 671.571 and 671.590, the State Landscape Contractors Board shall issue a landscape construction professional license to an applicant who satisfies the requirements of ORS 671.570. The board shall issue a landscape contracting business license to an applicant who satisfies the requirements of the board. An applicant for a license u…
The State Landscape Contractors Board shall establish a hands-on, written or electronic practical skills test for at least two of the types of limited or specialty licenses offered by the board under ORS 671.560. The board may establish a hands-on, written or electronic practical skills test for additional types of licenses offered under ORS 671.560 or 671.5…
A landscape contracting business that qualifies under ORS 671.525 to be classified as a nonexempt independent contractor must maintain workers’ compensation insurance coverage in effect for all employees of the landscape contracting business. A landscape contracting business licensee that qualifies under ORS 671.525 to be classified as an exempt independent…
An applicant for the issuance or renewal of a landscape construction professional license or landscape contracting business license shall include in the application to the State Landscape Contractors Board notice of any unpaid court judgment, arbitration award or administrative agency final order entered or issued in any jurisdiction that requires the applic…
Each person applying for a landscape contracting business license must: Pay to the State Landscape Contractors Board the applicable landscape contracting business license fee established by the board under ORS 671.650. Have a landscape construction professional license or employ at least one person with a landscape construction professional license to supe…
If a licensed landscape contracting business is not operating as a landscape contracting business, the State Landscape Contractors Board may, upon request, place the license of the landscape contracting business in inactive status. A landscape contracting business in inactive status remains subject to board jurisdiction and is required to comply with the re…
Each person applying for a landscape construction professional license must: Pay a nonrefundable application fee. Pay an examination fee. Pay to the State Landscape Contractors Board the landscape construction professional license fee required by ORS 671.650. Pass an examination, which the board shall offer at least once each six months, to determine the…
Notwithstanding ORS 671.570, the State Landscape Contractors Board may issue a probationary landscape construction professional license to a person who does not meet the training and experience qualifications set forth in ORS 671.570. To obtain a probationary landscape construction professional license, the person must: Pay a nonrefundable application fee; …
Notwithstanding the provisions of ORS 671.570 regarding experience and employment status, the State Landscape Contractors Board may adopt alternative standards for licensure with the board for a person who is already licensed as a contractor under ORS chapter 701.
If a landscape construction professional is not operating as a landscape construction professional, the State Landscape Contractors Board may, upon request, place the license of the landscape construction professional in inactive status. A landscape construction professional in inactive status remains subject to board jurisdiction, licensing requirements an…
A landscape contracting business may not file a lien, file a claim with the State Landscape Contractors Board or bring or maintain in any court of this state a suit or action for compensation for the performance of any work or for the breach of any contract for work that is subject to ORS 671.510 to 671.760 and 671.997, unless the landscape contracting busin…
If any person suffered costs or damages as a result of an individual providing a false or invalid State Landscape Contractors Board number or otherwise misleading a person with respect to licensing with the board, that person may bring suit in a court of competent jurisdiction to recover damages. The court may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing…
A landscape construction professional license issued pursuant to ORS 671.560 is a personal privilege and is not transferable.
The State Landscape Contractors Board may license without examination any person who is a landscape construction professional licensed, certified or registered under the laws of another state, territory of the United States, the District of Columbia or another country where the requirements on the date the applicant was licensed, certified or registered were…
As used in this section: “Managing employee” means a person who, at the time of an application for the issuance or renewal of a landscape contracting business license: Is employed in landscaping work only by the applicant; and Manages or shares in the management of the applicant, as defined by the State Landscape Contractors Board by rule. “Owner” means …
A new landscape contracting business license shall be required whenever there is a change in ownership, irrespective of whether the business name is changed. As used in this subsection, “change in ownership” does not include a change in the holders of corporate stock. If a licensee moves to another location, relicensing is not required but the licensee must…
A landscape construction professional or person operating as a landscape contracting business shall notify the State Landscape Contractors Board of a change of address for the professional or business that occurs while the professional or business is licensed by the board or within one year after a license expires. The landscape construction professional or …
A partnership or corporation licensed as a landscape contracting business shall notify the State Landscape Contractors Board immediately upon any change in partners or corporate owners or in the percentage of an ownership interest in the landscape contracting business. Upon a change in partners, a licensed partnership immediately shall apply for a new licens…
As used in this section: “Landscape contracting business debt” means an amount owed under: A final order or arbitration award issued under ORS 671.703; or A judgment or civil penalty arising from landscape contracting business activities in any state. “Landscape contracting business license” means a license issued within the United States to engage in a …
In addition to any civil penalty assessed under ORS 671.997, the State Landscape Contractors Board may suspend, revoke or refuse to issue or renew the license of a landscape construction professional or landscape contracting business that does any of the following: Obtains or attempts to obtain a license under ORS 671.510 to 671.760 by fraud or material mis…
The failure of a landscape contracting business to comply with the provisions of this section and ORS 279C.800 to 279C.870, 656.021, 657.665, 670.600, 671.525, 671.530 and 671.575 or to be in conformance with the provisions of ORS 279.835 to 279.855 or ORS chapter 279A, 279B, 279C, 316, 571, 656 or 657 is a basis for suspension of the landscape contracting b…
The State Landscape Contractors Board may issue an order placing a landscape contracting business, or any landscape construction professional that is employed by the landscape contracting business or is a landscape contracting business owner or officer as defined in ORS 671.607, on probation if three or more claims are filed against the landscape contracting…
The State Landscape Contractors Board may license a landscape construction professional to install backflow assemblies for irrigation systems and ornamental water features. The board, by rule, shall establish qualifications for issuance of a license under this section. A landscape construction professional may install a backflow assembly only if the landscap…
The State Landscape Contractors Board shall consult with the State Plumbing Board in developing any written and practical examinations for backflow assembly installer licenses. Notwithstanding ORS 192.173, upon request of the applicant, the State Landscape Contractors Board shall make any written examination that the board offers for backflow assembly insta…
The State Landscape Contractors Board shall by rule adopt minimum standards for written contracts and billings of the landscape contracting businesses. The standards shall set forth requirements for information that must be contained in contracts and billings. The information required shall be any information the board determines is necessary to provide prot…
A person that executes a written contract with a landscape contracting business for work on real property may, within three business days after the date of execution, rescind the contract as provided in paragraph (b) of this subsection. A person that intends to rescind a contract described in paragraph (a) of this subsection shall deliver to the landscape c…
(Landscape Contractors Board)
The State Landscape Contractors Board shall operate as a semi-independent state agency subject to ORS 182.456 to 182.472 for purposes of carrying out the provisions of ORS 671.510 to 671.760, 671.990 (2) and 671.997. The board shall consist of seven members appointed by the Governor. The Governor shall make appointments to the board from all segments of the …
The State Landscape Contractors Board shall establish fees, including but not limited to annual landscape construction professional license fees and annual landscape contracting business license fees. The license fee for an out-of-state landscape contracting business operating in Oregon must be the same as for an Oregon landscape contracting business.
Except as the State Landscape Contractors Board may otherwise provide under ORS 182.462 (1)(e), the board shall deposit moneys received as fees or civil penalties into the account created by the board pursuant to ORS 182.470.
The fee for renewal of a license issued under ORS 671.510 to 671.760 shall be paid annually on or before the last day of the month of the anniversary of issuance. The State Landscape Contractors Board may not issue a new license to a person who has been previously licensed under ORS 671.510 to 671.760 and whose license has expired, unless the person makes w…
In accordance with any applicable provision of ORS chapter 183, the State Landscape Contractors Board may adopt rules the board considers reasonable for the administration and enforcement of ORS 671.510 to 671.760 and 671.997.
The State Landscape Contractors Board shall adopt rules establishing continuing education requirements for landscape construction professionals. A continuing education requirement adopted by the board must equal or exceed: Sixteen hours of continuing education during a two-year period for a landscape construction professional who has six years or less of ex…
To aid and advise the State Landscape Contractors Board in the performance of the functions of the board, the board administrator may establish such advisory and technical committees as the administrator considers necessary. These committees may be continuing or temporary. The administrator shall determine the representation, membership, terms and organizati…
An applicant for a license as a landscape contracting business or a licensed landscape contracting business shall file with the State Landscape Contractors Board a surety bond with one or more corporate sureties authorized to do business in this state, or an irrevocable letter of credit issued by an insured institution, as defined in ORS 706.008. The amount …
A claim against a licensed landscape contracting business is payable from the bond, letter of credit or deposit required of the landscape contracting business under ORS 671.690 only if the claim arises from the performance, or a contract for the performance, of work that is subject to ORS 671.510 to 671.760. The claim must be of one or more of the following …
If a claim is filed with the State Landscape Contractors Board against a licensed landscape contracting business for payment from the bond, letter of credit or deposit required of the business under ORS 671.690, the board may resolve the dispute involving the landscape contracting business. A person having a claim against a landscape contracting business sh…
A person may file complaints against a licensed landscape contracting business with both the Construction Contractors Board and the State Landscape Contractors Board regarding the same work if: The landscape contracting business holds a license as a construction contractor issued under ORS chapter 701; and The complaint to the Construction Contractors Boar…
Upon acceptance of a claim described in ORS 671.695, the State Landscape Contractors Board shall initiate an investigation. Upon completion of the investigation, if the board determines that facts exist supporting an order for payment, the board may order the landscape contracting business to pay the claim. A party to the claim may request a hearing on the o…
If a final order of the State Landscape Contractors Board is not paid by the landscape contracting business, the board shall notify the surety on the business’s bond. An order of the board that determines a claim under ORS 671.703 that becomes final by operation of law or on appeal and remains unpaid for 20 days after the order becomes final is an order in …
Determinations by the State Landscape Contractors Board or judgments against the surety bond, letter of credit or deposit of a landscape contracting business for claims filed during a 90-day period shall be satisfied in the priority listed in subsections (2) to (4) of this section. The payment of a claim filed during a 90-day period has priority over any cla…
(Local Business Licenses)
The Legislative Assembly intends to reduce the number of city business licenses that a landscape contracting business must obtain to conduct business in the Portland metropolitan area. The purpose of this section and ORS 671.755 is to enable a landscape contracting business to secure from the metropolitan service district one business license that will permi…
As used in this section: “Business license tax” means any fee paid by a person to a city or county for any form of license that is required by the city or county in order to conduct business in that city or county. “Business license tax” does not mean a franchise fee or privilege tax imposed by a city upon a public utility under ORS 221.420 or 221.450 or un…
As used in this section, “business license tax” has the meaning given that term in ORS 671.755. A city that imposes a business license tax based on or measured by adjusted net income earned by conducting business within the city is exempt from ORS 671.755.
PENALTIES
A person that violates a provision of ORS 671.010 to 671.220 or a rule the State Board of Architect Examiners adopts under ORS 671.010 to 671.220 is subject to a civil penalty of not more than $5,000 for each violation. A civil penalty under this subsection is in addition to and not in lieu of any other penalty or sanction provided by law. The board may imp…
Violation of any provision of ORS 671.310 to 671.459, or any rule of the State Landscape Architect Board adopted thereunder, is a Class A misdemeanor.
The State Landscape Architect Board may impose a civil penalty against any person who violates any provision of ORS 671.310 to 671.459 or any rule adopted thereunder. The penalty shall be imposed in the manner provided by ORS 183.745. The board shall determine the amount of a civil penalty imposed under this section, not to exceed $5,000 for each offense. No…
The State Landscape Contractors Board may impose a civil penalty against a person who violates any provision of ORS 671.510 to 671.760 or a rule adopted pursuant to ORS 670.310, 670.605 or 671.670. The board shall determine the amount of the civil penalty, not to exceed $2,000 for each offense. The board shall impose civil penalties under this section as pr…